Journal of the stylistic of Persian poem and prose
volume Number 18، number In Volume 1، Apeil 2025 ، issue Number 107

A stylistic review of the book Ma’yeb-alrejal Bibi Khanum Astarabadi

Mojib-Alrahman Dehani , Mansour Nikpanah (Author in Charge)

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In the Qajar period, due to the political and social developments, women"s intellectual and cultural transformations also began. In this period, women studied privately in schools or at home and were able Know your rights. The disadvantages of men is the first written defense of Iranian women. The book was written at a time when the society was in a struggle between tradition and modernity, and in this book, Bibi Khanum Estrabadi tries to defend women and their rights by arguing based on the Islamic foundations of Persian literature and pointing to the advantages of Western culture. , along with an autobiography is written at the end.

METHODOLOGY: The present article is a study and a research of an opinion that was conducted in the way of studying the resources available in the libraries in a descriptive-analytical method based on written sources, and its statistical population is the book Maaib Al-Rajal by Bibi Khanum Estrabadi.

FINDINGS: Male Disadvantages takes a critical look at the society"s imposed structure and objects to issues such as polygamy, the unilateral right of divorce on the part of men, and the lack of education for women. In her treatise, Bibi Khanum called for the creation of different gender relations in Iranian society, which was placed between tradition and modernity in that period, and laid the foundation for a new way of thinking. The text of ``The Disadvantages of Men"" is consistently focused on women, and although the author uses literary and religious works in it, if he considers them to be anti-feminist, he openly argues against them.

CONCLUSION: The prose of the book Ma"aib al-Rajal is full of Arabic words and expressions, and the author has used poetry, Quranic verses and hadiths to clarify his meaning. Its language is sharp and careless and far from modesty and conservatism. The results of this research show the use of short and consecutive sentences, the omission of verbs without a counterpart, folk tone, protest tone and speaking tone. From a literary point of view, he used a lot of verbal arrays such as saja" and mowazaneh, and from an intellectual point of view, in addition to his defense of women"s rights and the expression of men"s faults, he also refers to religious issues, patriarchy, and the traditions of his time"s society.

Keyword
disadvantages of men , Qajar prose , intellectual style , linguistic style , literary style

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